Examples of Fascism. the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be preserved in the socialist countries to assure that the reeducated minds of the workers already lucky enough to live under socialism were not re-infected by capitalist ideas coming in from outside the people's collectivist . [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. The . Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. Who Are The Dictators of Latin America? - The Hague Peace [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. Albania - Communist Regime 3. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. " [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. This instability in turn required rulers to become increasingly authoritarian to stay in power, further propagating dictatorship in Africa. Military dictatorship: 2. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. 12 Examples of Fascism in History (2023) - Helpful Professor The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. Dictatorships have arisen throughout history, usually in times of crisis. Democracy - Our World in Data Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. [73], Dictatorships in Latin America persisted into the 20th century, and further military coups established new regimes, often in the name of nationalism. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. Monarchies: 3. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. As the Cold War went on, the Soviet Union increased its influence in Africa, and MarxistLeninist dictatorships developed in several African countries. Duterte is the perfect example of a . Despite repeated promises to leave office in 2024 (when his term limit is reached), Putin spearheaded a 2020 constitutional amendment enabling him to remain in power until 2036. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Functioning of government: 3.57. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . 10. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [47] Personalist dictatorships also experience growth differently, as they often lack the institutions or qualified leadership to sustain an economy. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. [40] Personalist dictatorships often collapse with the death of the dictator. 1. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. Elites in personalist dictatorships often do not have a professional political career and are unqualified for positions they are given. The most oppressed countries in the world, mapped | indy100 | indy100 What Are the Pros and Cons of Dictatorship? - eLawTalk.com Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. [139], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. Obiang's regime is known for state-sanctioned kidnappings, torture of prisoners, and unlawful killings. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. [104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. 10 Dictators Who Were Surprisingly Good - Unbelievable Facts The 10 most capitalist nations in the world - Yahoo! Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. Single-party dictatorships were most common during the Cold War, with dominant-party dictatorships becoming more common after the fall of the Soviet Union. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. Dictatorships arise through violence or non-violent means, but they almost always result in the loss of liberties, corruption, and human rights abuses. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. Dictators are more likely to implement long-term investments into the country's economy if they feel secure in their power. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". At the onset of the so-called "third wave" of democracy in 1978, the only democratic regimes were Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela. Dictatorship - Definition, Examples, Cases, Processes - Legal Dictionary Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. Right now, 74% families are homeowners. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. Dictatorship: Its Types and Reasons | by Old Times - Medium They are not even defined terms of art within political science. Mao consolidated his control of the People's Republic of China with the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, which involved the destruction of all elements of capitalism and traditionalism in China. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. The Deadliest Dictator Regimes In History - WorldAtlas (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. Venezuela has a presidential government. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. Latin American Dictators - Leaders in Complete Control - ThoughtCo [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. Through the ages, Algeria, officially People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. [114] The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. Argentina and Mexico are the countries with Dictatorship as a government form. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. Ruling parties allow a dictatorship to more broadly influence the populace and facilitate political agreement between party elites. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. List of Top 10 Most Brutal Dictators in Modern History - History Lists Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders - YouTube One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years.
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